Espionage can be conducted domestically, in a foreign country, or remotely.
Notes on verification
Standard framing in intelligence literature; corroborated by Cato Institute analysis, Wikipedia's Clandestine HUMINT article, and other intelligence-focused sources. No contradicting evidence found.
Sources
- Espionage (en.wikipedia.org)
- https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/espionage-espionage-related-crimes-immigration-risk-analysis-1990-2019 (cato.org)
- https://www.cyber-espionage.ch/ (cyber-espionage.ch)
- https://legalinformers.com/what-spies-can-and-cant-legally-do/ (legalinformers.com)