Galileo Galilei was found guilty of heresy by the Holy Office of the Inquisition for supporting the idea that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
Notes on verification
Well-documented historical event corroborated by multiple independent sources. Minor nuance: technically charged with 'vehement suspicion of heresy' rather than heresy outright, but this doesn't materially change the claim's substance.
Sources
- The Ten Most Disturbing Scientific Discoveries (smithsonianmag.com)
- https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/february-2016-400-years-ago-catholic-church-prohibited-copernicanism (origins.osu.edu)
- https://www.coopertoons.com/caricatures/galileo_and_bellarmine_trialofgalileo.html (coopertoons.com)
- https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/april-12/galileo-is-accused-of-heresy (history.com)