Receiving a provider-prescribed opioid before 12th grade was independently associated with a 33% increase in the risk of nonmedical opioid use by age 23.
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- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4834210/ (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5144998/ (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- https://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/abs/9920 (psc.isr.umich.edu)
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27056838/ (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)