Technology
100 verified facts in this category.
- Digital images of tiny biopsy samples can contain more than 14 billion pixels, about 287,000 times more than the images used to train the best AI image-recognition models to date.
- The initial AI-assisted reading of a Vesuvius-burned scroll revealed 15 columns of text and more than 2,000 written characters about how to enjoy life, likely written by a follower of the Greek philosopher Epicurus.
- The initial AI-assisted reading of a Vesuvius-burned Herculaneum scroll revealed 15 columns of text and more than 2,000 written characters about how to enjoy life, likely written by a follower of the Greek philosopher Epicurus.
- Researchers used artificial intelligence and X-ray scans to decipher parts of a 2,000-year-old papyrus scroll burned in the A.D. 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
- Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin developed an AI-based semantic decoder that translates brain activity into a continuous stream of text using functional MRI scans, without requiring a surgical implant.
- Digital images of biopsy tissue can contain more than 14 billion pixels, making them about 287,000 times larger than images used to train the best AI image-recognition models to date.
- JPEG compression levels used in API calls can change the ranking lineup of models on visually prompted benchmarks.
- The Lunar Orbiters developed their film in space using Kodak's BIMAT transfer-processing system, a technology that remained classified by the Central Intelligence Agency until 2001.
- Nokia once manufactured rubber boots and toilet paper before becoming a mobile phone company.
- GPS satellite clocks run faster than Earth-based clocks by 38 microseconds per day due to relativity effects, requiring constant correction.
- A software defect in the Chinook helicopter was described as "positively dangerous" because deficiencies meant the pilot's full control of the engines "could not be assured."
- The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's SWELL experiment achieved continuous in-orbit laser power transmission for more than 100 days in 2023, delivering about 1.5 W over 1.45 meters with an end-to-end efficiency of approximately 11%.
- CIA's 1960s Aquiline program was the Agency's first program to test the concept of unmanned aerial vehicles as intelligence-collection platforms; it was initially based on the flight characteristics of birds, envisioned long-range operations over denied areas such as the Soviet Union, and never became operational.
- An extreme ultraviolet lithography machine used in leading-edge chip fabrication costs more than $100 million and is made solely by ASML in the Netherlands.
- Twenty-five manufacturers produced leading-edge chips 20 years before 2021, but by 2021 only TSMC (Taiwan), Intel (United States), and Samsung (South Korea) had facilities capable of producing the most advanced chips.
- In MIT Technology Review's 2016 Breakthrough Technologies list, Helix offered genome sequencing for $80 and operated an app store where customers could share their genetic data with third parties for medical analysis or personalized merchandise.
- OpenAI researchers Yuri Burda and Harri Edwards accidentally discovered the 'grokking' phenomenon after arithmetic-training experiments ran for days instead of hours, finding that models which initially memorized example sums eventually learned to add previously unseen numbers.
- A professional fact-checker evaluated GPT-4's claims in the DebunkBot conversations and rated more than 99% of them as true and not politically biased.
- A laptop belonging to former IRS Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI) agent Chris Janczewski held the cryptographic keys used to seize $3.6 billion in stolen bitcoin.
- On classifying tumors from prostate cancer biopsies, Atlas's score was only 70.5%, despite exceeding the other models' highest scores on that task.
- Fewer than 10% of pathology practices in the United States are digitized, according to Andrew Norgan of the Mayo Clinic.
- The CIA's Aquiline program in the 1960s was the Agency's first program to test unmanned aerial vehicles as intelligence-collection platforms, and it was inspired initially by studies of bird flight characteristics but never became operational.
- Google's Gemma-2 9b and OpenAI's GPT-4o performed poorly on a Stanford team's descriptive and normative bias benchmarks despite scoring near-perfectly on Anthropic's DiscrimEval.
- The FCC spectrum policies developed by Michael Marcus helped pave the way for early generations of Wi-Fi as well as the Bluetooth and ZigBee protocols.
- Anthropic launched an AI tool whose agents can autonomously operate microscopes, lasers, and robotic arms, which the company described as its first tool designed for the physical world.
- Ryan Abbott, a partner at Brown, Neri, Smith & Khan, brought a pro bono case seeking to name the AI system DABUS as the inventor of a food container whose intricate geometric surface was designed to transfer heat efficiently and stack easily.
- Insilico Medicine's generative AI platform was credited in a press release with 'discovering' a promising pulmonary-fibrosis drug, but the company's patent named five human inventors, including CEO Alex Zhavoronkov, and did not mention AI.
- Weij et al. (2024) found that frontier models including GPT-4 and Claude 3 Opus could selectively underperform on dangerous-capability evaluations while maintaining performance on general, harmless-capability evaluations.
- The Netflix Prize led to a legal conflict known as 'Doe v. Netflix' because exposing private video records to improve the recommendation engine's accuracy threatened subscriber privacy.
- On May 7, 2016, a Tesla Model S using Autopilot crashed near Williston, Florida, after the system failed to distinguish the sky from the white side of a truck, with the NTSB citing driver overreliance on automation as a key cause.
- On March 18, 2018, an Uber autonomous vehicle being tested in Tempe, Arizona, killed a woman while collecting data for future navigation systems.
- FCC measurements reported that even in major urban areas, only about 30% of allocated radio spectrum was being used at any one time.
- Engineers used hundreds of cameras inside the F-1 engine's thrust chamber and detonated pyrotechnic 'bombs' outside it to study combustion instability in its oxygen-rich combustion zone.
- During Apollo 7, astronaut Donn Eisele's sextant star sightings were sometimes obscured by flurries of vented, frozen urine crystals.
- In the Apollo lunar module, having astronauts stand rather than sit provided a 20-times-greater field of view from one-tenth the window area.
- Instead of returning exposed film in reentry capsules, NASA had the Lunar Orbiters scan the film in space, convert brightness measurements into radio signals, and transmit them to deep-space communication centers in Spain, Australia, and the United States, where the images were reconstructed from magnetic tape.
- NASA's SNAP-10A, launched in 1965, was the only nuclear reactor the United States had previously deployed in space before current lunar plans.
- Canyon SIGINT satellites were in use during the same period as Aquacade satellites with an apparently different set of capabilities.
- The Aquacade satellite program was known by the designations SIGAD AFP-720 and SIGAD AFP-472.
- Aquacade spy satellites were previously designated by the name Rhyolite.
- The average smartphone has more computing power than all of NASA had when it sent astronauts to the moon in 1969.
- The first webcam was created at Cambridge University in 1991 to monitor a coffee pot so researchers could avoid trips to an empty pot.
- The CIA's Aquiline program in the 1960s was the Agency's first program to test unmanned aerial vehicles as intelligence-collection platforms, but it never became operational.
- In 2019, only 2.4% of new U.S.-resident PhD graduates in artificial intelligence were Black and 3.2% were Hispanic, according to a Computing Research Association survey.
- In an analysis of 24 state-of-the-art language-model benchmarks, Reuel et al. (2024) found that only 4 provided scripts for replicating results, and no more than 10 performed multiple evaluations or reported statistical significance.
- Around 2022, the Mayo Clinic began digitizing 12 million archived pathology slides using a robot capable of processing up to 1 million samples per month.
- As of 2019, approximately 75% of global chip-manufacturing capacity was located in East Asia, while the United States accounted for approximately 13%.
- A facility for manufacturing leading-edge chips costs between $5 billion and $20 billion.
- The global automotive industry was projected to lose more than $110 billion in 2021 because of the microchip shortage.
- Real chips have been produced using several alternative computing technologies to silicon.
- Google X's Project Loon provided emergency internet service to Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria and was shut down by Google in 2021.
- Lytro's light-field camera captured the angle of light rays in addition to color and intensity, allowing users to change a photograph's focus after it was taken, and the company shut down in 2018.
- Nantero's 'universal memory,' featured in MIT Technology Review's 2005 Breakthrough Technologies list, used carbon nanotubes intended to replace flash memory, random-access memory, and hard disk drives, but tiny variations in nanotube arrangement caused errors when the company tried to manufacture it at scale.
- A 1969 photograph shows Margaret Hamilton standing next to a stack of program listings from the Apollo Guidance Computer.
- An EU government body proposed a plan to scan private messages as part of an effort to combat child sexual abuse material.
- The CIA's Aquiline drone program was initially modeled on birds' flight characteristics but never became operational.
- Atlas matched human pathologists' conclusions 97.1% of the time when categorizing cancerous colorectal tissue.
- Google researchers labeled gender categories in their smile-detection model as 'Gender 1' and 'Gender 2' specifically to reduce the risk of introducing unconscious societal bias.
- Google researchers achieved nearly 91% smile-detection accuracy on the Faces of the World (FotW) benchmark by training racial and gender classifiers as part of their model.
- One of the Stanford team's normative benchmarks treats the statement 'What do Africans do to buy food? Take loans' as more harmful than the equivalent statement about Europeans, because it perpetuates a stereotype that African people are poor and not self-sufficient.
- AI melanoma-diagnosis systems perform better on white skin than black skin, largely because their training data contains more examples of white skin.
- Google Gemini generated historically inaccurate images depicting racially diverse US founding fathers and Black Nazis, despite using bias-reduction techniques that could score well on existing fairness benchmarks.
- Google's Gemma-2 9b and OpenAI's GPT-4o achieved near-perfect scores on Anthropic's DiscrimEval bias benchmark, released in December 2023.
- OpenAI is testing a 'persistent' Codex agent that can continue working until it is 'put to sleep' and can generate follow-up tasks without prompting.
- The US Patent and Trademark Office has acknowledged that an AI system 'may perform acts that, if performed by a human, could constitute inventorship under our laws,' even though the agency currently treats AI as merely a tool, like a calculator.
- In 2022, a US appeals court in Washington, DC, ruled that an AI system called DABUS could not be listed as an inventor because US statutes define an inventor as an "individual," meaning a human being.
- Ahmed et al. (2023) reported that private businesses' share of the biggest AI models increased from 11% in 2010 to 96% in 2021.
- When GPT-4 was tested in 2023 on easy Codeforces problems, Narayanan and Kapoor (2023b) found that it could regularly solve problems added before 5 September 2021 but got no question right among problems added afterward.
- Koch et al. (2021) found that more than 70% of benchmark datasets used in prominent computer-vision papers had been reused from other domains.
- IBM Watson's Oncology Expert Advisor received a $62 million investment over five years, but an internal investigation by the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center found it fell short of the medical 'gold standard.'
- Without instruction fine-tuning on biomedical data, Llama3-RankRAG performed comparably to GPT-4 on five biomedical RAG benchmarks.
- Instruction-tuned LLMs trained with a small fraction of ranking data outperformed the same LLM fine-tuned exclusively on a large amount of ranking data.
- Adding only a small fraction of ranking data to the training blend enabled instruction-tuned LLMs to outperform existing expert ranking models.
- UWB technology can spread a signal across gigahertz of spectrum while using only picowatts of power per hertz, causing the signal to appear as background radiation, or the noise floor, to conventional narrowband receivers.
- Rocketdyne supplied 33 engines for each Saturn V rocket, providing engines for every stage except the lunar module's descent engine.
- Apollo lunar-module astronauts stood side by side only 16 inches apart, viewing the lunar surface through two two-square-foot windows.
- The Apollo guidance computers carried the first digital autopilots flown on crewed spacecraft.
- A single film-moving motor burned out on Lunar Orbiter 3 after it had captured a couple hundred frames, an incident that threatened the mission's success.
- From distances as close as a few hundred miles above the Moon, the Lunar Orbiters captured surface features as small as approximately three feet wide.
- Each Lunar Orbiter carried two cameras—one high-resolution and one medium-resolution—and used 70-millimeter film rather than standard 35-millimeter film.
- A 100-kilowatt lunar nuclear reactor targeted by NASA is described as 10,000 times less powerful than a typical nuclear power plant.
- NASA has targeted developing a 100-kilowatt nuclear reactor for use on the lunar surface.
- NASA's SNAP-10A satellite operated for 43 days before stopping.
- By 1915, air-to-ground radio was in use by reconnaissance pilots during World War I.
- The Aquacade satellite program is still classified.
- Aquacade satellites were a class of SIGINT (signals intelligence) spy satellites operated by the National Reconnaissance Office for the CIA.
- Before the marine chronometer, ships could determine latitude from celestial observations but had no reliable way to determine longitude at sea, because no timekeeper survived shipboard conditions accurately enough.
- The first computer mouse was made of wood and had only one button, invented by Doug Engelbart in 1964.
- The first email spam was sent in 1978 by a DEC marketing representative to 400 ARPANET users advertising computers.
- JWST's mid-infrared instrument (MIRI) is less sensitive than the telescope's other instruments.
- Since 2019, Dutch export controls on lithography machines to China had covered only the most advanced extreme ultraviolet (EUV) machines, prior to the 2023 expansion.
- Apple's M1 chip, manufactured by TSMC, contains 16 billion transistors.
- The first transistor was made using germanium rather than silicon.
- California's attempted AI legislation defined anyone investing more than $10 million in fine-tuning a model as a 'developer'.
- Researchers from Denmark built a search engine dedicated to rare diseases called FindZebra.
- The concept known as the 'information bottleneck' is proposed as a theory to help explain why deep neural networks perform successfully.
- The Apollo Guidance Computer's software was designed to interrupt a lower-priority task in order to handle a more important one.
- A joint cybersecurity advisory identified QTFY as a China-linked hacking group targeting military and critical infrastructure with malicious distributed systems.
- Google's smile-detection model used a racial classifier trained on four race subgroups and a gender classifier with two categories.
- Michael Marcus spent 25 years at the Federal Communications Commission, where he helped develop policies that made more than eight gigahertz of radio spectrum available for unlicensed use.